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AUDITING STANDARDS/审计准则 日期:2004-06-03
AUDITING STANDARDS/审计准则 作者:白蔚秋 期刊号:中国注册会计师2003年第2期 Standards are established to measure the quality of performance of individuals and organizations. Standards relating to the accounting profession concern themselves with CPA professional qualities, with the judgment exercised by CPAs in the performance of their professional engagements, and with a CPA firm's quality control. 制定准则是为了衡量个人和组织的工作质量。与会计职业相关的准则涉及注册会计师自身的执业质量、执业过程中的职业判断,以及会计师事务所的质量控制问题。 1.Generally accepted auditing standards The existence of generally accepted auditing standards is evidence that the accounting profession is very concerned with maintaining a uniformly high quality of audit work by all independent public accountants. 1. 公认审计准则 公认审计准则的制订,说明会计职业界非常关注全体独立公共会计师的审计工作是否始终保持较高的质量水平。 (1)General Standards ①The audit is to be performed by a person or persons having adequate technical training and proficiency as an auditor. ②In all matters relating to the assignment, an independence in mental attitude is to be maintained by the auditor or auditors. 3.Due professional care is to be exercised in the planning and performance of t he audit and the preparation of the report. (1)一般准则 ①审计工作应该由经过充分技术培训、精通业务的人员来执行。 ②在完成各项审计业务的过程中,审计师应保持精神上的独立。 ③在制订审计计划、执行审计工作以及编写审计报告时,审计师应保持应有的职业谨慎。 (2)Standards of Fieldwork ①The work is to be adequately planned and assistants, if any, are to be properly supervised. ②A sufficient understanding of internal control is to be obtained to plan the audit and to determine the nature, timing, and extent of tests to be performed. ③Sufficient competent evidential matter is to be obtained through inspection, observation, inquiries, and confirmations to afford a reasonable basis for an opinion regarding the financial statements under audit. (2)外勤工作准则 ①审计工作应有适当的计划,如有助理人员参加,应进行适当的督导。 ②应充分了解客户的内部控制情况,以便制定审计计划,确定测试的种类、时间及范围。 ③应通过检查、观察、询问和函证等方法,获取充分、适当的审计证据,以便为接受审计的财务报表发表审计意见提供合理基础。 (3)Standards of Reporting ①The report shall state whether the financial statements are presented in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. ②The report shall identify those circumstances in which such principles have not been consistently observed in the current period in relation to the preceding period. ③Informative disclosures in the financial statements are to be regarded as reasonably adequate unless otherwise stated in the report. ④The report shall either contain an expression of opinion regarding the financial statements, taken as a whole, or an assertion to the effect that an opinion cannot be expressed. When an overall opinion cannot be expressed, the reasons therefore should be stated. In all cases where an auditor name is associated wit h financial statements, the report should contain a clear-cut indication of the character of the auditors work if any, and the degree of responsibility the auditor is taking. (3)报告准则 ①报告应说明发布的财务报表是否遵循了公认会计原则。 ②报告将指明本期与前期相比,没有一贯遵守各项会计原则的各种情况。 ③除非在报告中另有说明,财务报表中所披露的信息应被认为是适当的和充分的。 ④报告将就财务报表的整体发表意见,或作出拒绝表示意见的申明。在不能就总体发表意见时,应说明理由。在任何情况下,当审计师的名字与财务报表联系起来时,审计报告应对审计师工作的性质,以及应承担责任的程度做出明确说明。 2.The attestation standards The expansion of the attestation function has led the accounting profession to develop more general attestation standards. These attestation standards are meant to serve as a general framework and set boundaries for the attest function. 2. 鉴证准则 鉴证职能的扩展促使会计职业界建立了更为通用的鉴证准则。这些鉴证准则为鉴证服务提供了总体框架,并确立了鉴证职能的范围。 (1)General Standards ①The engagement shall be performed by a practitioner having adequate technical training and proficiency in the attest function. ② The engagement shall be performed by a practitioner having adequate knowledge in the subject matter. ③The practitioner shall perform the engagement only if he or she has reason t o believe that the subject matter is capable of evaluation or measurement against criteria that are suitable and available to users. ④In all matters relating to the engagement, an independence in mental attitude shall be maintained by the practitioner. ⑤Due professional care shall be exercised in the planning and the performance of the engagement. (1) 一般准则 ①鉴证业务应由经过充分技术培训、精通业务的执业人员来执行。 ② 鉴证业务应由对委托项目有充分了解的执业人员来执行。 ③执业人员只有在有理由相信委托项目能够按标准加以评价或计量,而且此项标准对用户来讲适用和可行时,才可以执行鉴证业务。 ④对于一切与鉴证业务有关的问题,执业人员应保持精神上的独立。 ⑤在制定计划并执行鉴证业务时,应保持应有的职业谨慎。 (2)Standards of Fieldwork ①The work shall be adequately planned and assistants, if any, shall be properly supervised. ② Sufficient evidence shall be obtained to provide a reasonable basis for the conclusion that is expressed in the report. (2) 外勤工作准则 ①鉴证工作应有适当的计划,如有助理人员参加,应进行适当的督导。 ② 应获取充分的数据,为在出具的鉴证报告中发表意见提供合理的基础。 (3)Standards of Reporting ①The report shall identify the subject matter or the assertion being reported on and state the character of the engagement. ② The report shall state the practitioner's conclusion about the subject matter or the assertion based on the criteria against which the subject matter was measured. ③The report shall state all of the practitioners significant reservations about the engagement. ④The report on an engagement to evaluate subject matter that has been prepared based on agreed-upon criteria or an assertion related there to, or on an engagement to apply agreed-upon procedures, should contain a statement restricting its use to the parties who have agreed upon such criteria or procedures. (3) 报告准则 ① 报告应明确委托项目或所报告的申明,并指出此项业务委托的特征。 ② 报告应表述执业人员关于委托项目的结论性意见,或按照衡量该委托项目的标准得出的结论。 ③ 报告应指出执业人员对该项业务委托的所有重大保留意见。 ④ 报告或者评价按照约定标准编制的委托项目,或者评价与此相关的申明,或者说明在此项业务中应用的约定程序,报告应该表明它仅限于在认可这些标准或程序的相关方面使用。 3.International accounting and auditing standards More and more business entities are involved with either the manufacture or distribution of products around the world. The public accounting profession is being affected by the globalization of business. While most of the major public accounting firms have international operations, the need to deliver many different services worldwide to clients has led to mergers among the major firms. Smaller firms have found it necessary to establish international affiliations or associations in order to service their clients foreign operations. Issues have also bee n raised about the diversity of accounting and auditing standards between countries. To deal with this problem, there is a strong movement to establish international accounting and auditing standards. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) is a worldwide organization o f national accounting bodies of approximately 80 countries, established to help foster a coordinated worldwide accounting profession with harmonized standards. One of its committees, the International Auditing Practices Committee (IAPC), is sues International Standards on Auditing that provide procedural and reporting guidance to auditors. The pronouncements of the IAPC do not override the national auditing standards o f its members. Rather they are meant to foster the development of consistent worldwide professional standards. Members from countries that do not have such standards are encouraged to adopt IAPC standards; members from countries that already have standards are encouraged to compare them to IAPC standards and to seek to eliminate any material inconsistencies. 3. 国际会计和审计准则 越来越多的企业在全球范围内制造或分销其产品。公共会计职业正受到经营全球化的影响。大多数的大型会计师事务所都有国际业务,为了向全球的客户提供各种不同的服务,许多大型会计师事务所都进行了合并。规模相对较小的会计师事务所已经意识到,为了能向客户的国外业务提供服务,他们必需建立国际联营或合作关系。由此产生了各国会计准则及审计准则的差异问题。为了解决这一问题,建立国际会计准则和审计准则已是大势所趋。 国际会计师联合会(IFAC)是一个由大约80个国家的会计团体组成的国际性组织,目的是通过准则协调各国会计执业界的一致化进程。其下设的国际审计实务委员会(IAPC),负责发布《国际审计准则》,向审计师提供方法和报告上的指南。 IAPC的声明并非凌驾于其成员国的国内审计准则之上,而是期望促进各国
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